Effect of clay particles size and location on coalescence in PMMA/PS blends
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The addition of six different clays (laponite, montmorillonite, halloysite, and their organomodified counterparts) to poly(methyl methacrylate), polystyrene, and their blends was studied. The morphologies of the obtained composites were studied using transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Small angle oscillatory shear experiments, as well as shear induced coalescence tests, were carried out to evaluate the role of the clay as a coalescence inhibitor. Using the six different clays enabled the evaluation of the effect of the clay location and the clay platelet size for a given location (matrix, dispersed phase, interphase) on the coalescence phenomenon. A decrease of the dispersed phase of the blend was generally observed upon the addition of the clay. Clays located exclusively in the matrix (laponite, montmorillonite, halloysite, and modified halloysite) were shown to migrate to the interface during coalescence tests, inducing a decrease of coalescence at a certain extent of migration. Modified montmorillonite, located at the interface, was the most efficient clay at inhibiting coalescence, due to relaxation of Marangoni stresses with an important barrier effect. Overall, it was shown that having a certain size of a nanoparticle is essential for it to locate at the interface and inhibit coalescence. Nanoparticles with a larger size than the droplets are not able to locate at the interface and, therefore, do not have an effect on coalescence. Conversely, nanoparticles whose size is 10% or less of the droplet were found to be well dispersed in the whole blend. These particles did not have a preferred location nor had an effect on coalescence.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".