The Passing of the "Red Indians of Newfoundland". Colonisation and Agency in the Beothuk's Extinction in the 17th-19th Centuries: Success and Failure
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Achieving subsequent notoriety as the “Red Indians” for the use of ochre on their bodies, the Beothuk were the main indigenous inhabitants of Newfoundland at the time of contact with Europeans at the beginning of the sixteenth century. The settling of European fishermen along the coast progressively cut the Beothuk off from their traditional resources. They slowly retreated inland and closed in on themselves, coming to the coasts only to steal European items, bringing retaliation from the settlers. The reduction of their territory, access to hunting grounds, environmental factors, the colonists’ persecution eventually had the upper hand on the tribe who dwindled toward extinction. After the death of the captive Shanawdithit on 6th June 1829, the Beothuk were declared a defunct cultural entity. Different reasons have been advanced to explain their demise; however, these all stem from their denied freewill and community agency. This paper will aim at restoring their place in their history; expanding up on their image as a doomed tribe, due to their failure to adequately respond to their victimisation by both colonists and nature. Lastly, a hypothesis will be made that the Beothuk acted according to a taboo whose consequences were both a success and a failure, and accelerated their demise.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".