Tribological Behaviour of Phosphonium Based Ionic Liquid Blended with ZDDP
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The chemical and physical characteristics of ionic liquids (IL) suggest that ILs when added as additives in lubricants offer better tribological properties than other conventional additives.However, the use of ionic liquids as such as a lubricant is not feasible.Phosphonium based ILs exhibit high miscibility and has been proved to be less corrosive when used as additives in small concentration.This study focuses on the behavior of Trihexyltetradecyl phosphonium bis (2,4,4-trimethylpentyl) phosphonate when blended with mineral base oil and engine oil.A comparison of its performance when used with ZDDP in diesel engine lubricant is also included.Tribological tests were carried out in a reciprocating wear test setup on AISI 52100 steel surfaces with a ball-on-flat geometry.Atomic force microscopy of the worn surfaces revealed the formation of a stable film with 3 % IL and 1 % ZDDP blend in base oil.Surface films formed with 1 % and 5 % IL and 1 % ZDDP was observed to be severely worn due to unstable film formation and corrosive nature of the IL at 5% concentration.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".