Biomass Waste-Derived 3D Metal-Free Porous Carbon as a Bifunctional Electrocatalyst for Rechargeable Zinc–Air Batteries
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The sluggish nature of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) coupled with the high cost of related noble-metal catalysts stimulate the research of active non-noble metal or metal-free oxygen catalysts. Though metal-free catalysts have been reported a lot, fewer catalysts show high activity toward ORR and OER, especially for biomass waste materials. This paper introduces a top–down strategy to fabricate a series of bifunctional metal-free catalysts derived from the plant residue. Among them, the catalyst BRC AC 850 2 shows an excellent electrocatalytic performance toward both ORR and OER ( E 1/2 = 0.85 V, E i=10 = 1.68 V vs RHE). A zinc–air battery equipped by catalyst BRC AC 850 2 even displays a superior performance to that of Pt/C-RuO 2 . The excellent ORR and OER performances are mainly attributed to 3D hierarchical structures and rich active sites of the catalyst, including N functional groups, oxygen vacancies, and carbon defects. The strategy of preparing plant residues into the outstanding bifunctional catalyst demonstrated in this study may enlighten to the design of various other functional catalysts.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".