An Empirical Evaluation of Different Electronic Payment Channels in Nigeria
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Payments system plays a very crucial role in any economy, being the channel through which financial resources flow from one segment of the economy to the other. This study has tried to empirically evaluate the electronic-payment channels and their penetration level in Nigeria from 2012 to first quarter of 2019. The main research objective was to determine given the technology revolution the level of e-payment penetration in Nigeria. Concepts of e-payment, E-payment in Nigeria and the different E-payment platforms were reviewed. The data were obtained from the secondary sources like CBN, journals, and commercial banks quarterly bulletins. The study employed descriptive statistics to ascertain the level of penetration E-payment in Nigeria. The data were analyzed using percentages. From the study, it was found that ATM dominated the penetration of E-payment in terms of volume in Nigeria from 2011 to first quarter of 2019. In terms of value NEFT dominated in 2012 and 2013 while NIP dominated from 2014 to first quarter of 2019. It is recommended that more electronic channels should be open to deepen the electronic transactions in the economy to fast tract transaction as the world move into tech revolution. Also, the issue of fraud emanating from electronic transaction should be checked and reduce to give trust to consumers of such transactions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".