Ganoderiol F purified from <i>Ganoderma leucocontextum</i> retards cell cycle progression by inhibiting CDK4/CDK6
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study was designed to purify molecules possess anti-cancer cell activity from the fruit body of Ganoderma leucocontextum. Bio-activity-guided purification and chromatographic separation of Ganoderma leucocontextum extract led to the enrichment of bioactive fractions and isolation of a single compound. The purified compound was identified as Ganoderiol F, which induced cancer cell death. In the in vivo experiments, we founded ethanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction inhibited tumor growth in the mice injected with 4T1 cells. We found that Ganoderiol F-mediated suppression of breast cancer cell viability occurred through cell cycle arrest. Ganoderiol F down-regulated expression of cyclin D, CDK4, CDK6, cyclin E and CDK2 and inhibited cell cycle progression arresting the cells in G1 phase. In addition, Ganoderiol F up-regulated pro-apoptotic Foxo3, down-regulated anti-apoptotic c-Myc, Bcl-2 and Bcl-w leading to apoptosis in human breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231. These results showed that c-Myc, cyclin D-CDK4/CDK6 and cyclin E-CDK2 are the central components of Ganoderiol F regulation of cell cycle progression. Hence Ganoderiol F may serve as a potential CDK4/CDK6 inhibitor for breast cancer therapy.Abbreviations: GLE: Ganoderma leucocontextum ethanol extract; GLEA: Ganoderma leucocontextum ethyl acetate fraction; GLPE: Ganoderma leucocontextum petroleum ether fraction; RP-HPLC: reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatograph; DMEM: Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium; FBS: fetal bovine serum; PAGE: polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".