Halitosis and GERD
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Purpose: Halitosis has been reported as an extra-esophageal manifestation of GERD. This relationship though has not been adequately proved. Aim: The purpose of this study is to ascertain the relationship between halitosis and GERD as well as try to establish its frequency and characteristics. Methods: Twenty three consecutive adult patients with GERD (mean age 54 years, SD 12, 91% female) and 17 consecutive adult patients with dyspepsia (mean age 56 years, SD 15, 88% female) (control group)seen at the Gastroesophageal Motility Outpatients Unit during the month of May 2006 were invited to participate in this study. This study was approved by the IRB and all patients gave written informed consent. All patients had their oral volatile sulfur compounds measured by Halimeter (Interscan Corporation, Chatsworth, Canada) and their charts review for demographics, comorbidities (diabetes, chronic renal and/or liver failure, constipation, pulmonary abscess, chronic ENT diseases, and periodontitis), medications, smoking, eating habits, as well as 24 hour pHmetry and upper gastroesophageal endoscopy results. Results: 39% of Gerd patients had halitosis,17% of extra-oral origin and 22% of oral origin, 75% and 100% were associated to IBP usage, respectively. Halitosis was found in 18% of the dyspesia patients, 6% of extra-oral origin and 12% of oral origin, 0% and 50% were associated to IBP usage, respectively. All extra-oral halitosis patients had pathologic acid distal esophageal reflux (25% ortostatic, 75% supine). Non-erosive GERD prevailed (75%). No gender differences were observed in the GERD group. Contingency tables (Chi-Square) failed to demonstrate any statistical differences between the two groups. Conclusions: Regarding the relationship between Halitosis and GERD:1. Oral ethiologies must always be excluded, 2.Oral or gastrointestinal bacteria overgrowth associated to IBP usage may play a role, 3. It seems there is no need for proximal GERD, 4.Larger studies must be undertaken to further investigate this matter.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".