Cardiorespiratory Stress-Response in Youth with Persistent Post-Concussion Symptoms
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective To evaluate cardiorespiratory response to a cognitive/emotional stressor in youth with persistent post-concussion symptoms (PPCS). Background The mechanisms of PPCS (symptoms lasting > 2 months) are poorly understood, but recent studies have emphasized the interactive effect of biopsychosocial factors during recovery. In particular, emerging evidence points to anomalies in autonomic functioning as a key player in PPCS. Autonomic functioning is best measured under conditions of stress; however, there are no current studies that examine autonomic functioning in response to cognitive/emotional stressors in youth with PPCS. Therefore, the present study sought to examine the autonomic response to a cognitive/emotional stressor as measured by a cardiorespiratory outcome (end-tidal CO2 fraction [ETCO2]) as well as cognitive performance metrics in youth with PPCS. Design/Methods Participants included 7 patients diagnosed with concussion and 7 non-injured controls between the ages of 13–25. Participants were administered a modified version of the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT), a neuropsychological task that is known to induce autonomic arousal. ETCO2 data were collected via continuous capnometry recording throughout the task and for 10 minutes after. Results After the PASAT, PPCS patients’ ETCO2 concentration remained stable over the 10’ post-stress period compared to controls who demonstrated a significant increase in ETCO2 (p < 0.05) after the cognitive/emotional stressor. In general, patients with PPCS performed more poorly on the middle trials of the PASAT compared to controls but comparisons were not significant. Conclusions PPCS patients demonstrate abnormal cardiorespiratory functioning following a cognitive/emotional stressor in that their ETCO2 concentrations remain chronically low after stress. Results suggest autonomic dysregulation is a promising avenue for future research into the etiology of PPCS.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".