Functional implications of the sex differences in transporter abundance along the rat nephron: modeling and analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The goal of the present study was to investigate the functional implications of sexual dimorphism in the pattern of transporters along the rodent nephron as reported by Veiras et al. ( J Am Soc Nephrol 28: 3504–3517, 2017). To do so, we developed sex-specific computational models of water and solute transport along the superficial nephrons from male and female rat kidneys. The models account for the sex differences in the abundance of apical and basolateral transporters, single nephron glomerular filtration rate, and tubular dimensions. Model simulations predict that ~70% and 60% of filtered Na + is reabsorbed by the proximal tubule of male and female rat kidneys, respectively. The lower fractional Na + reabsorption in female kidneys is due primarily to their smaller transport area, lower Na + /H + exchanger activity, and lower claudin-2 abundance, culminating in significantly larger fractional delivery of water and Na + to the downstream nephron segments in female kidneys. Conversely, the female distal nephron exhibits a higher abundance of key Na + transporters, including Na + -K + -Cl − cotransporters, Na + -Cl − cotransporters, and epithelial Na + channels. The higher abundance of transporters accounts for the enhanced water and Na + transport along the female, relative to male, distal nephron, resulting in similar urine excretion between the sexes. Consequently, in response to a saline load, the Na + load delivered distally is greater in female rats than male rats, overwhelming transport capacity and resulting in higher natriuresis in female rats.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".