Effects of Polypropylene Fiber on the Liquefaction Resistance of Saturated Sand in Ring Shear Tests
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study focused on investigating the effects of polypropylene fiber on the liquefaction resistance of saturated sand. We performed a battery of tests with a state-of-the-art ring shear apparatus on fiber-reinforced saturated sand, considering the influences of fiber content and sand density. Two different shearing methods named shear-torque-controlled (STC) and cyclic-torque-controlled (CTC) were considered for carrying out the tests. An energy approach was chosen to evaluate the results, and the fiber reinforcement mechanisms were analyzed. Our test results showed that in STC tests, the shear strength and shearing time of saturated sand increased proportionally to an increase of fiber content and sand density. The cycles required for liquefaction in CTC tests also increase with an increase in sand density and fiber content. The presence of fibers clearly increases the shear energy required for liquefaction. The shear energy increases with an increase in sand density and fiber content. Greater total shear energy is required in specimens with a higher density or larger fiber content. Fiber reinforcement in sand has acted as a spatial network in interlocking soil grains, thereby resulting in the necessity of more energy for overcoming the resistance during the shearing process. After performing the shearing test, the unreinforced specimen with loose structure collapsed totally, and the one with a dense structure collapsed partially, while fiber reinforcement specimens still maintained structural stability.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".