Bibliographic record
Abstract
Purpose: Both platelet aggregation and the activation of the coagulation cascade during systemic inflammatory state are observed in IBD with an elevated risk of venous thromboembolic complications. The risk has been well recognized. We aim to review the risk of venous thromboembolism in IBD patients. Additionally, IBD characters resulting in increased VTE. Methods: All study original articles related to the risk of VTE in IBD have been identified through a systematic search from the major scientific literature databases (Pubmed and Medline). Several key words pertaining to thromboembolic risk in IBD have been used. “Inflammatory bowel disease”, “risk”, “Prevalence”, and “Thromboembolism” were utilized for the search and yielded in 10 papers with suitable content. Results: When compared to non-IBD patients, a 1.48 - 3.6 fold increased risk of VTE has been suggested by multiple studies. Thus, VTE is a significant risk for mortality and morbidity. In a Mayo Clinic review, most UC patients had pancolonic disease, and most CD patients had colonic involvement. These results suggest a theory of increased VTE risk with colonic disease. A debate about the disease activity contributing to the increased risk of VTE in IBD was apparent in several studies. A recent prospective study showed that the risk was more evident during disease flare with an approximate 8-fold increase. Interestingly, the relative risk of VTE during flare hospitalizations was lower than those non-hospitalized (3.2 compared to 15.8). Most of the studies have suggested taking other risk factors of VTE into account as well. Nguyen and Sam have found a 2.1 fold increase in age- and comorbidity- adjusted mortality compared to non-IBD hospitalized patients. Conclusion: Venous thromboembolism is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in IBD patients. It is increasingly prevalent and has almost threefold increased risk of development. Data on the prevalence and risk factors continue to accumulate. These findings underscore the need for more widespread prophylaxis and an early detection and management of VTE among IBD patients.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.009 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.006 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".