Acute post-concussion anxiety and depression scores are not associated with duration of concussion symptoms among collegiate athletes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ObjectiveTo investigate the association between acute post-injury scores on the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and symptom duration in collegiate student-athletes following a concussion. BackgroundConcussion recovery as measured by symptom resolution generally occurs within a week of injury in most athletes. In some cases, however, symptoms can persist for weeks or months. Time to symptom resolution has been associated with many factors, including psychological health. Athletes with a history of psychiatric or mood disorders prior to injury may be more likely to experience prolonged symptoms. It is unknown, however, whether initial complaints of anxiety or depression following a concussion are associated with subsequent symptom duration. Design/MethodsTwenty NCAA collegiate athletes (55% female, 20.10 ± 1.33 years) completed a HADS assessment within a week of sustaining a concussion. Participants then reported their post-concussion symptom scale daily until being cleared to return to sport. Date of symptom resolution was then collected at a follow-up assessment. Symptom duration was defined as the number of days between the injury and day of symptom resolution. Individual linear regressions were used to examine the relationship between HADS scores and symptom duration. ResultsAthletes were initially assessed at a mean of 2.65 ± 1.04 days. Mean symptom duration was 15.95 ± 17.33 days. There were no independent associations between duration of symptoms and HADS anxiety (β = 0.55, 95% CI = −1.28, 2.38, p = 0.63), HADS depression (β = −0.21, 95% CI = −3.08, 2.67, p = 0.88), or total HADS scores (β = 0.23, 95% CI = −1.07, 1.53, p = 0.71). ConclusionsPost-injury anxiety and depression scores did not appear to influence symptom duration in concussed collegiate student-athletes. While mental health should continue to be monitored during recovery, duration of symptoms is likely influenced by a multifaceted set of factors that are highly variable across collegiate athletes who sustain a concussion.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".