Late Cretaceous–Paleogene burial and exhumation history of the Southwestern Basement Province, Svalbard, revealed by zircon (U-Th)/He thermochronology
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT We apply zircon (U-Th)/He low-temperature thermochronology to metasedimentary sequences of the Southwestern Basement Province of Svalbard to investigate the shallow crustal tectonics of Svalbard and the High Arctic. We resolve Cretaceous through Paleogene time-temperature histories for four areas of the province: Sørkapp Land, Wedel Jarlsberg Land, Oscar II Land, and Prins Karls Forland. Results indicate peak Late Cretaceous temperatures of ~175–185 °C in the south (Sørkapp Land, Wedel Jarlsberg Land) and >200 °C in the north (Oscar II Land) as a consequence of maximum burial and an elevated geothermal gradient (>40 °C/km). Late Cretaceous cooling affected all areas during regional exhumation related to initial rifting in the Eurasian Basin to the north. A subsequent heating event (recorded at Wedel Jarlsberg Land and Oscar II Land) from ca. 53–47 Ma is interpreted to result from tectonic burial during Eurekan deformation and development of the West Spitsbergen Fold-and-Thrust Belt. Our thermal models reveal a subsequent cooling event (47–34 Ma) corresponding to a shift in tectonic regime from compression to dextral strike-slip kinematics during Eurekan deformation; exhumation of the West Spitsbergen Fold-and-Thrust Belt coincided with strike-slip tectonism. Throughout Eurekan deformation, Prins Karls Forland resided at temperatures >200 °C and records cooling during post-34 Ma extension. Our models indicate 2.5–3.5 km of unroofing in Wedel Jarlsberg Land and Oscar II Land, and >4 km of unroofing of Prins Karls Forland, which is a deeper structural level of the West Spitsbergen Fold-and-Thrust Belt than other exposures on Spitsbergen. The results of this study document elevated heat flow in the Late Cretaceous, extend spatial resolution of Late Cretaceous crustal cooling documented across Svalbard, and illustrate the temporal and thermal evolution of the West Spitsbergen Fold-and-Thrust Belt, which is necessary for an improved understanding of Arctic geodynamics.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".