<i>110th Anniversary:</i> High-Molecular-Weight Chitin and Cellulose Hydrogels from Biomass in Ionic Liquids without Chemical Crosslinking
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cellulose, chitin, and composite 3D hydrogels and membranes were fabricated without any chemical modification from high-molecular-weight chitin and cellulose-rich material (CRM) extracted from shrimp shell or poplar wood, respectively, using the ionic liquid (IL) 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([C 2 mim][OAc]). The hydrogels were prepared by redissolution of the extracted biopolymers in the same IL, or in a one-pot process directly from a solution of the biomass after extraction, followed by molding/gelation (“3D gels”) or casting (membranes), and then washing. For comparison, the preparation of gels was attempted using commercial microcrystalline cellulose or chitin. From all of the sources, the regenerated CRM or chitin required significantly lower load. Hydrogels were also converted to aerogels via transformation to alcogels and then Sc-CO 2 drying, giving materials of low density, high porosity, favorable compressibility, high water uptake, and moderate antioxidant activity. Air-dried membranes were dense, of high tensile strength, and exhibited high water-vapor transmission.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.029 | 0.016 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".