Later puberty onset among chronically undernourished adolescents living in a Karachi slum, Pakistan
Bibliographic record
Abstract
AIM: To assess factors associated with the timing of puberty onset (Tanner Stage Breast 2/Genital 2) among adolescents living in an urban slum in Karachi, Pakistan. METHODS: Girls enrolled at 8-10 years (n = 1009) and boys 9-11 years (n = 863) were followed every 6 months from 2006 to 2010. Parametric survival analysis for interval-censored data was used to estimate median age at puberty onset and assess the association between exposures and timing of puberty onset. RESULTS: The overall median age at Tanner Stage Breast 2 (AAB2) was 10.1 years (95% CI: 10.1; 10.5), and the median age at Tanner Stage Genital 2 (AAG2) was 10.1 years (95% CI: 10.1; 10.6). Stunting delayed AAB2 1 year and AAG2 about 6 months when compared to non-stunted peers. In the multivariable model, after adjusting for age at enrolment, stunting, thinness and vitamin A deficiency (VAD) were significantly associated with delayed AAB2, while stunting and anaemia were significantly associated with delayed AAG2. CONCLUSION: Among adolescents living in the Karachi slum, stunting and highly prevalent anaemia delayed AAG2, while stunting, thinness and VAD delayed AAG2. Parental and household factors were not significantly associated with the timing of puberty onset.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".