Time‐based all‐digital time‐to‐digital converter with pre‐skewed bi‐directional gated delay line time integrator
Bibliographic record
Abstract
An all‐digital first‐order single‐bit time‐to‐digital converter (TDC) with a pre‐skewed bi‐directional gated delay line (PS‐BDGDL) time integrator with built‐in self‐quantisation is presented in this study. Pre‐skewing is utilised to lower the per‐stage delay of the BDGDL and minimise the skew errors of BDGDLs. The impact of the strength and timing of pre‐skewed is analysed. The reduction of skew errors obtained from pre‐skewing is also analysed. A design methodology combating the impact of process uncertainty on the TDC is developed. The TDC is designed in an IBM 130 nm 1.2 V CMOS technology and analysed using Spectre from Cadence Design Systems with BSIM4 device models. Simulation results show that the impact of process spread on the performance of the TDC can be minimised by adjusting the delay of the key delay blocks and the per‐stage delay of the gated delay stages. The figure‐of‐merit of the TDC outperforms reported TDCs alike.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".