Canadian Thoracic Society Clinical Practice Guideline on pharmacotherapy in patients with COPD – 2019 update of evidence
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this guideline update, we highlight important and new findings related to pharmacological therapy of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) that should change clinical practice and improve disease management. We present updated evidence, recommendations and expert clinical remarks on maintenance pharmacotherapy in patients with stable COPD. The diagnosis and nonpharmacological therapy of COPD are out-of-scope for this update.In patients with COPD who have persistent shortness of breath, exercise intolerance and/or poor health status despite using inhaled LAMA or LABA monotherapy, we recommend augmenting treatment to LAMA/LABA dual therapy. In patients with high-risk exacerbations, LAMA/LABA is the preferred choice to ICS/LABA except in patients with previous exacerbations who have higher peripheral eosinophilia. There is no role for ICS monotherapy; when indicated, ICS should only be used in combination with bronchodilators. Treatment “step up” in COPD is proposed as a practical construct supported by evidence that inhaled combined therapy is superior to monotherapy and triple therapy to dual therapy in certain patient populations. Because the superiority of inhaled triple or dual bronchodilator therapy may not be achieved in every patient, “step down” may be considered for some patients (not at high risk for future exacerbations), but should be done with close medical supervision, as the risk of clinical deterioration is real and continues to exist. The decision of changing a therapy should always occur after a complete evaluation of the patient and the potential benefit to a change in therapy; as well as an assessment of any adverse effects of the therapy, and with a review of patient adherence, inhaler technique and patient preferences.Pharmacological therapy plays a foundational role in therapy, but it should never be the sole treatment in managing COPD patients. Clinicians should always combine and optimize pharmacological and nonpharmacological therapies with the dual goals of reducing symptoms and preventing acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.025 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.006 | 0.007 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.006 | 0.007 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.017 | 0.010 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".