A Novel Method to Increase Tumor Ablation Zones With RFA by Injecting the Cationic Polymer Solution to Tissues: <i>In Vivo</i> and Computational Studies
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective: This study aims to examine, for the first time, the introduction of cationic polymer solutions to improve radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in terms of a potentially enlarged ablation zone. Methods: By using in vivo and computational RFA studies, two cationic polymers, Chitooligosaccharides (COS) and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC), diluted in deionized water, were injected into tissues separately surrounding the RF bipolar electrode prior to power application. A total of 9 rabbits were used to 1) measure the increase in electrical conductivity of tissues injected with the cationic polymer solutions, and 2) explore the enhancement of the ablation performance in RFA trials. A computer model of RFA comprising a model of the solution diffusion with an RF thermal ablation model was also built, validated by the in vivo experiment, to quantitatively study the effect of cationic polymer solutions on ablation performances. Results: Compared to the control group, the electrical conductivity of rabbit liver tissues was increased by 42.20% (0.282 ± 0.006 vs. 0.401 ± 0.048 S/m, P = 0.001) and 43.97% (0.282 ± 0.006 vs. 0.406 ± 0.042 S/m, P = 0.001) by injecting the COS and CMC solution at the concentration of 100 mg/mL into the tissues, denoted COSDW100 and CMCDW100, respectively. Consequently, the in vivo experiments show that the ablation zone was enlarged by 95% (47.6 ± 6.3 vs. 92.6 ± 11.5 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , P <; 0.001) and 87% (47.6± 6.3 vs. 88.8 ± 9.6 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , P <; 0.001) by COSDW100 and CMCDW100, respectively. The computer simulation shows that the ablation zone was enlarged by 71% (51.9 vs. 88.7 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ) and 63% (51.9 vs. 84.7 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ) by COSDW100 and CMCDW100, respectively. Conclusion: The injection of the cationic solution can greatly improve the performance of RFA treatment in terms of enlarging the ablation zone, which is due to the increase in the electrical conductivity of liver tissues surrounding the RF electrode. Significance: This study contributes to the improvement of RFA in the treatment of large tumors.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".