Effects of postnatal development, temperature and the pons on respiratory rhythm and pattern generation in rat pups
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Episodic breathing is common in premature infants and is found in fetal rats but rarely reported in postnatal (P) in vitro preparations. We discovered that episodic breathing patterns were common (>60%) in in vitro pontomedullary‐spinal cord preparations at 27°C from rat pups on the day of birth (P0), but the occurrence of this breathing pattern declined with postnatal development. Chemical inhibition and physical removal of the pons eliminated the episodic breathing pattern at P0. Interestingly, episodic breathing patterns could be restored in older preparations (P2 – P4) by decreasing temperature (23°C), with or without the pons. In preparations held at 27°C, with a continuous rhythm, an episodic rhythm could be produced by activating GABA receptors (100μM GABA). In preparations with an episodic pattern, antagonism of opioid receptors by naloxone (1–5μm) did not affect the episodic rhythm while blockade of GABA A receptors by bicuculline (BIC, 10μM) converted the episodic rhythm to a continuous rhythm. However, in preparations held at 23°C, BIC (10μM) had the opposite effect, promoting episodicity. Together, these data suggest the mechanisms required for episodic rhythm generation are intrinsic to the medulla, and are modulated by postnatal development, temperature sensitive mechanisms (such as TRP channels) and pontine factors. Funded by NSERC (Canada).
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".