Advanced Oxidation Based Treatment of Soil Wash Water Contaminated with Sulfolane
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study investigates advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) as post-treatment techniques to degrade sulfolane in soil washing water. Soil washing experiments were conducted with different soil/water ratios, shaking times, and number of extraction cycles. The soil wash water containing sulfolane was treated with four AOPs including H2O2/ultraviolet (UV), O3/UV, alkaline ozonation, and neutral Fenton reagent. Results show that sulfolane can be effectively removed from the soil using water as a washing solvent, where optimum conditions were found with 30 min of vigorous shaking, using 1:2 soil/water mass ratio, and a three-cycle extraction procedure. Moreover, the sulfolane in the soil wash water was also effectively degraded using appropriate AOPs. Among the four AOPs investigated, neutral Fenton was the least effective method to treat sulfolane in the wash water, while H2O2/UV, O3/UV, and alkaline ozonation can achieve more than 99% of sulfolane degradation within 1 h.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".