The ganglioside G<sub>D2</sub> as a circulating tumor biomarker for neuroblastoma
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background G D2 is a ganglioside that is ubiquitously expressed in the plasma membrane of neuroblastoma and is shed into the circulation. Procedure G D2 was measured with a high‐pressure liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry assay in serum or plasma from 40 children without cancer (controls) and in biobanked samples from 128 (73 high‐risk) children with neuroblastic tumors at diagnosis, 56 children with relapsed neuroblastoma, 14 children with high‐risk neuroblastoma after treatment, and 8 to 12 children each with 10 other common childhood cancers at diagnosis. Results The C 18 (18 carbon fatty acid) lipoform was the predominant circulating form of G D2 in controls and in patients with neuroblastoma. The median concentration of G D2 in children with high‐risk neuroblastoma at diagnosis was 167 nM (range, 16.1‐1060 nM), which was 30‐fold higher than the median concentration (5.6 nM) in controls. G D2 was not elevated in serum from children with the differentiated neuroblastic tumors, ganglioneuroma ( n = 10) and ganglioneuroblastoma‐intermixed subtype ( n = 12), and in children with 10 other childhood cancers. G D2 concentrations were significantly higher in serum from children with MYCN ‐amplified tumors ( P = 0.0088), high‐risk tumors ( P < 0.00001), International Neuroblastoma Staging System (INSS) stage 4 tumors ( P < 0.00001), and in children who died ( P = 0.034). Conclusions Circulating G D2 appears to be a specific and sensitive tumor biomarker for high‐risk/high‐stage neuroblastoma and may prove to be clinically useful as a diagnostic or prognostic circulating tumor biomarker. G D2 will be measured prospectively and longitudinally in children enrolled on a high‐risk neuroblastoma treatment trial to assess its ability to measure response to treatment and predict survival.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".