The long-term effects of outdoor air pollution on child, adolescent and adult lung function – a systematic review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
PDS 68: Outdoor air pollution, mortality and morbidity, Exhibition Hall (PDS), Ground floor, August 26, 2019, 10:30 AM - 12:00 PM Background/Aim: Cross-sectional studies have indicated that short term exposure to outdoor air pollution is associated with adverse effects on lung function in children and adults. The most recent literature review of this research was conducted by Gotschi et al in 2007. Since then, the results of larger longitudinal studies have been published. We aimed to systematically synthesise the evidence exploring the long-term effects of outdoor air pollution exposure on lung function of children, adolescents and adults. Methods: Systematic search of electronic databases: PubMed, EMBASE using the search terms for exposure (e.g. “air pollut*”, “particulate matter”,”PM10”, “PM2.5”, “ozone”, “nitrogen dioxide”, “sulphur dioxide”, “carbon monoxide”) and outcomes (e.g. “lung function”, “pulmonary function”, “FEV*”, “FVC”, “MEF”, “PEF”). We included cohort (prospective and retrospective), and case-control studies where coefficient/percent change and 95% confidence intervals were reported. Quality of studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for cohort and case-control studies and funnel plots were used to identify potential publication bias. Registered on PROSPERO CRD2017082231. Results: Database searching returned 5344 titles, of which 33 were included. Studies were divided into (1) prenatal exposure and lung function of young children; (2) children, (3) adults and (4) older adults, across a range of geographic settings. Subjects were healthy or with respiratory conditions. Overall, long term exposure to higher levels of nitrogen dioxide, particulate matter and ozone was associated with some lower lung function parameters in young children, children and adolescents; and declines in some adults’ and older adults’ lung function parameters. Levels of associations varied depending on the levels of exposures of different pollutants in different areas. The quality of included research was fair to very good. Conclusion: Overall there is strengthening evidence that long term exposure to air pollution, particularly related to traffic, is associated with deficiencies in lung function across all age groups.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.026 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.008 | 0.007 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.008 | 0.009 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".