Experimental and numerical investigation of a thermal storage medium for ground source heat pump applications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract As a means of improving performance and alleviating thermal imbalance issues associated with ground source heat pump systems, ground thermal energy storage is becoming increasingly appealing. Moreover, an efficient means of transferring energy from the borehole to the surroundings is crucial. In this paper, an experimental and numerical investigation of the performance of a thermal storage medium for ground source heat pump applications is presented. A thermal storage tank of 1 m diameter and 1.5 m height equipped with temperature sensors at different radial positions and depths was used. It incorporates a 150 mm-dimeter steel pipe in which a 25.4 mm u-shaped pipe is placed to emulate a borehole. A numerical model was developed using a finite element-based approach and validated with the obtained experimental data. Different bentonite-sand mixtures with varying thermal conductivities were considered inside and around the emulated borehole. A reduction in the tank temperature difference of about 57% was achieved by using bentonite-sand mixtures inside the borehole and around the borehole (in the tank) compared to using only bentonite inside the borehole and sand around the borehole. Results further show that the heat transfer performance increases by about 320% with the use of the bentonite-sand mixtures compared to the separated bentonite and sand arrangement. Moreover, the potential for energy storage with phase change material around the emulated borehole has been demonstrated.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".