Implementing drinking water source protection - conservation authority perspective
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Drinking water source protection began in Ontario in response to the Walkerton tragedy in May 2000, when seven died and thousands became ill from drinking municipal water contaminated with E. coli and Campylobacter bacteria. The public inquiry that followed recommended a multi-barrier approach to protect drinking water from source to tap. In response, the province passed the Clean Water Act in 2006 as the first barrier. The intent of this new legislation was to protect the sources of drinking water before it enters municipal water systems. Scientists across the province were tasked with developing Assessment Reports to characterize the quality and quantity of drinking water resources. In addition, these reports documented the human and ecological features, mapped areas vulnerable to impacts from human activities, and enumerated significant drinking water threats. The technical work included integrated mapping of surface and subsurface features, groundwater / surface water modelling, contaminant transport, capture zone analysis for municipal wells, and enumeration of significant drinking water threats. At Toronto and Region Conservation, 456 significant drinking water threats were identified with respect to municipal wells, and locally developed policies were developed to eliminate or manage these threats. The source protection policies were developed into a Source Protection Plan by scientists, engineers, and planners who worked in partnership with a local Source Protection Committee. Each of the 19 committees across the province included a mix of municipal appointees, industry representatives, and watershed residents. The policies for the jurisdiction of Toronto and Region Conservation took effect December 31, 2015. These policies are based on science, and yet recognize the existing fabric of land development and the effects of human activities on the landscape. We have met the challenges of implementation of new policy tools by a variety of government agencies by ensuring rigorous public consultation, inter-agency meetings, and provincial oversight.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.017 | 0.024 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.011 | 0.011 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.015 | 0.009 |
| Open science | 0.004 | 0.009 |
| Research integrity | 0.011 | 0.008 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.018 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".