Impacts of the February 9, 2013 storm along the Atlantic Coast of Nova Scotia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Markers established at select coastal locations along Nova Scotia facilitate repetitive observations of physical shoreline changes caused by specific storms and a comparison of the impacts by different types of storms on shoreline stability. Following the storm of February 9, 2013, field observations of physical impacts were completed at five beaches along the Eastern Shore of Nova Scotia and information on storm impacts was gathered from local contacts at other locations farther along the Atlantic coast. Wave and tidal observations during the storm were provided from a wave gauge operated offshore of Halifax Harbour and from tide recorders operated by the Canadian Hydrographic Service, in Halifax Harbour, Yarmouth and North Sydney. Field observations were restricted to the use of ground photography, a hand-held GPS recorder and tape measurements from beach line markers. Detailed cross-shore surveys following the storm were not completed. Flood and wave-run-up elevations onshore (CGVD28-Geodetic Datum) are based on the most recent survey completed at each site before the storm. The storm on February 9, 2013 caused elevated water levels of 1.93 m (GD) just after high tide at Halifax but occurred closer to low tide in Yarmouth and North Sydney. The highest still water flood level observed was 1.1 m (GD) along the backshore lagoon at Conrads Beach. Wave runup reached elevations commonly of 3.5 m and as high as 3.8 m (GD) along higher pebble-cobble beaches. Waves scoured the base of the highest pebble-cobble beaches and only overtopped lower barrier beaches and built the beach crest higher. Along sand beaches, waves scoured the upper beach and lower foredune. The duration and intensity of waves generated during the storm was not sufficient to force waves long distances across coastal dunes nor to cause significant damage to coastal infrastructure such as beach access stairs. Farther away from Halifax, local observers along the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia reported reduced impacts from the February 9 storm because of the presence of snow, freezing rain, shorefast ice and a more favourable wind direction.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Direct model labels (unvalidated)
Per-model category and study-design labels from the labeling rounds. They are machine output, unvalidated, and the disagreement between models ships as data. No study design here is MEDLINE-validated yet.
| Model arm | Categories | Study design | Confidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| gemma | no category Domain: not available · Genre: Empirical About the Canadian research system: no · About a Canadian topic: yes | Observational | low |
| gpt | no category Domain: not available · Genre: Empirical About the Canadian research system: no · About a Canadian topic: yes | Observational | medium |
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedLabeled directly by 2 models reading the full record.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".