Upconversion luminescence in sub-10 nm β-NaGdF<sub>4</sub>:Yb<sup>3+</sup>,Er<sup>3+</sup> nanoparticles: an improved synthesis in anhydrous ionic liquids
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ions are excited by energy transfer upconversion and show the typical green and red emission bands. The UC luminescence intensity was optimized with respect to reactant concentrations, solvents, and reaction temperature and time. The strongest UC emission was achieved for sub-20 nm core-shell nanoparticles which were obtained in the ionic liquid diallyldimethylammonium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide from a two-step synthesis without intermediate separation. Strictly anhydrous reaction conditions, a high fluoride/rare earth ion ratio, and a core-shell structure are important parameters to obtain highly luminescent nanoparticles. These conditions reduce non-radiative losses due to defects and high energy acceptor modes of surface ligands. A low power excitation of the core-shell particles by 70 mW at 970 nm results in an impressive UC emission intensity of 0.12% compared to the bulk sample.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".