Effect of freeze-thaw cycling on fatigue behaviour in concrete
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Freeze-thaw damage is a deterioration mechanism caused when saturated concrete is exposed to temperature variations that cycle above and below its freezing point. The expansion of water in the concrete pore space due to freezing can lead to internal pressures that induce cracking, thus expediting the deterioration process through freeze-thaw cycles. The purpose of this investigation was is to evaluate the effect of freeze-thaw deterioration on the tensile fatigue life of air-entrained concrete at early stages of deterioration. Concrete cylinders were prepared with 0.45 and 0.65 water to cement ratios (W/C), then cured for 28 days before being subjected to the freeze-thaw cycling. After 0, 25 and 50 freeze-thaw cycles, the pressure tension (PT) test was used to induce tensile fatigue loading cycles until failure. The PT was capable of determining the decrease in fatigue life, represented as the number of cycles to failure, of the concretes when subjected to pure cyclical tensile loading after having first been exposed to freezing and thawing cycles. The results indicated that even though the ultimate static tensile strength of the specimens did not vary significantly due to the freeze-thaw cycles, the residual fatigue properties were degraded. UPV monitoring was able to determine the increase in internal damage, as the UPV of the specimens decreased with continued freeze-thaw cycling. It was shown that freeze-thaw deterioration reduces the ability of concrete to withstand cyclic loading, even at early stages prior to a decrease in static tensile strength.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".