Effect of Spiral Spacing and Concrete Strength on Behavior of GFRP-Reinforced Hollow Concrete Columns
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Hollow concrete columns (HCCs) are one of the preferred construction systems for bridge piers, piles, and poles because they require less material and have a high strength-to-weight ratio. While spiral spacing and concrete compressive strength are two critical design parameters that control HCC behavior, the deterioration of steel reinforcement is becoming an issue for HCCs. This study explored the use of glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars as longitudinal and lateral reinforcement for hollow concrete columns and investigated the effect of various spiral spacing and different concrete compressive strengths (fc′). Seven HCCs with inner and outer diameters of 90 and 250 mm, respectively, and reinforced with six longitudinal GFRP bars, were prepared and tested. The spiral spacing was no spirals, 50, 100, and 150 mm; the fc′ varied from 21 to 44 MPa. Test results show that reducing the spiral spacing resulted in increased HCC uniaxial compression capacity, ductility, and confined strength due to the high lateral confining efficiency. Increasing fc′, on the other hand, increased the axial-load capacity but reduced the ductility and confinement efficiency due to the brittle behavior of high compressive-strength concrete. The analytical models considering the axial load contribution of the GFRP bars and the confined concrete core accurately predicted the behavior of the HCCs after the spalling of the concrete cover or at the post-loading behavior.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it