Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The quest to develop a low-cost, volume efficient CNG ship has been pursued for two decades. The optimum way to store compressed gas is to stack long lengths of hexagonal close-packed pipe horizontally in the holds of a ship. Past attempts to use this approach failed because as the ship flexes at sea, the pipes rub against each other which is clearly unacceptable. A novel technical solution has been developed and a ship design, based on this new "Optimum" technology, was recently Approved for Construction by the American Bureau of Shipping. This paper describes the technology, the ship, the design process and concludes with an economic evaluation. By forcing long horizontal hexagonal stacked pipe tightly together within the hold of the ship the friction mobilized between the pipes creates sufficient shear resistance to prevent the pipes from moving and fretting in any circumstance. Based on this novel principle, a CNG ship with a capacity of 200 million standard cubic feet of natural gas was designed. The CNG-O-200 design was approved by the American Bureau of Shipping in January 2019 after three years of design, physical testing, computer modeling, and verification of safety and reliability. Some of the challenges addressed were: Determination of the forces and the mechanism needed to mobilize the friction,Design of the ship envelop, focusing on the midship section,The physical testing program to prove the system works,Developing a gas loading and discharge method was safe, simple and cost effective. The main result of this work is a low-cost and volume efficient CNG ship that is Approved for Construction by ABS. On a volume equivalent basis, the size of a CNG Optimum ship is less than one-half the size of past CNG ship designs such as the Coselle CNG ship. This has significantly improved the economics of marine CNG shipping. Marine CNG shipping has been an emerging technology and industry for many years with limited commercial success. Applications of marine CNG include markets that neither LNG nor pipelines have been able to serve, such as stranded offshore gas and smaller regional markets. This new low-cost and efficient CNG ship offers industry a new way to monetize stranded gas reserves and serve smaller regional gas markets.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".