A 14-GHz Bang-Bang Digital PLL With Sub-150-fs Integrated Jitter for Wireline Applications in 7-nm FinFET CMOS
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Demands for increased wireline data throughput necessitate multi-gigahertz clock sources of ever-greater fidelity. This article demonstrates a 14-GHz bang-bang digital phase-locked loop (BBPLL) with 143-fs rms jitter (integrated from 1 kHz to 100 MHz) to clock a 56-Gb/s PAM-4 transceiver. The low jitter is achieved with an LC-based digitally controlled oscillator (DCO) having a tuning range of 2 GHz, a frequency resolution of 1.2 MHz/LSB, and a low phase noise of -104 dBc/Hz at 1-MHz offset. All PLL digital functions are consolidated in a single, fully synthesized digital signal processing unit operating at 3.5 GHz or 10× the reference clock frequency. Limit cycles are minimized without the aid of a time-to-digital converter through substantial reduction of loop latency using a look-ahead digital loop filter. Various design techniques exploiting the advanced 7-nm FinFET technology are discussed, including noise reduction and tank Q enhancement. Closed-loop phase noise performance is accurately predicted using an industry-standard digital event-driven simulator with dramatically reduced computation effort compared to analog or mixed-mode simulators. Here, the accuracy and computational burden of calculating 1/f <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">α</sup> noise is overcome by pre-calculating the DCO and reference phase noise profiles. The results obtained from these simulation techniques show very close agreement with experimental measurements. This 7-nm FinFET PLL occupies a competitive 0.06 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and consumes 40 mW.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it