Stiffness and ATP recovery of stored red blood cells in serum
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
In transfusion medicine, there has been a decades-long debate about whether the age of stored red blood cells (RBCs) is a factor in transfusion efficacy. Existing clinical studies investigating whether older RBCs cause worse clinical outcomes have provided conflicting information: some have shown that older blood is less effective, while others have shown no such difference. The controversial results could have been biased by the vastly different conditions of the patients involved in the clinical studies; however, another source of inconsistency is a lack of understanding of how well and quickly stored RBCs can recover their key parameters, such as stiffness and ATP concentration, after transfusion. In this work, we quantitatively studied the stiffness and ATP recovery of stored RBCs in 37 °C human serum. The results showed that in 37 °C human serum, stored RBCs are able to recover their stiffness and ATP concentration to varying extents depending on how long they have been stored. Fresher RBCs (1-3 weeks old) were found to have a significantly higher capacity for stiffness and ATP recovery in human serum than older RBCs (4-6 weeks old). For instance, for 1-week-old RBCs, although the shear modulus before recovery was 1.6 times that of fresh RBCs, 97% of the cells recovered in human serum to have 1.1 times the shear modulus of fresh RBCs, and the ATP concentration of 1-week-old RBCs after recovery showed no difference from that of fresh RBCs. However, for 6-week-old RBCs, only ~70% of the RBCs showed stiffness recovery in human serum; their shear modulus after recovery was still 2.1 times that of fresh RBCs; and their ATP concentration after recovery was 25% lower than that of fresh RBCs. Our experiments also revealed that the processes of stiffness recovery and ATP recovery took place on the scale of tens of minutes. We hope that this study will trigger the next steps of comprehensively characterizing the recovery behaviors of stored RBCs (e.g., recovery of normal 2,3-DPG [2,3-Diphosphoglycerate]and SNO [S-nitrosation] levels) and quantifying the in vivo recovery of stored RBCs in transfusion medicine.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it