Numerical simulation study on characterization of foamy oil behavior in heavy oil/propane system
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A new non-equilibrium kinetic model is developed with non-constant reaction rate to characterize foamy oil behavior for heavy oil/propane system in pressure depletion tests and obtained desired history matching results. The effect of k values, relative permeability curves and reaction frequency factors under different pressure depletion rates are analyzed based on the simulation results. The simulation results suggest that both k values and gas phase relative permeability reduce with the increase of pressure depletion rate. The oil phase relative permeability and reaction rate for both Reaction (1) and Reaction (2) increase with the increase of pressure depletion rate. When consider a constant value of reaction frequency factor for Reaction (1) and non-constant value of reaction frequency factor for Reaction (2) , good history matching results could be obtained. Better history matching results could be obtained for the intermediate pressure depletion rate case when consider non-constant reaction frequency factor of both Reaction (1) and Reaction (2) . The simulation study suggests different foamy oil characterization under different pressure depletion rates. Gas bubbles pass smoothly and have low dissolve rate at low pressure drop rate. Increasing pressure drop rate, gas bubbles expand a larger size and blocked by pore throat. Gas bubbles evolve and dissolve process both influence the foamy oil and gas-oil flow at this pressure drop rate. Exceed pressure drop rate could cause gas bubbles evolve rate faster than dissolve rate and shorter production time. This work provides an innovative methodology to characterize foamy oil flow in heavy oil/propane system.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".