FOREIGNERS IN THE RUSSIAN RULING ELITE IN THE PERIODS OF RULING OF PETER THE GREAT AND ANNA IOANNOVNA. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The article deals with the groups of foreigners who were members of the Russian ruling elite under Peter the Great and Anna Ioannovna. Foreigners are persons of foreign origin, either born outside Russia or within the country, but in families that have retained their identity. The ruling elite is defined as a group of individuals whose formal and informal status allowed them to influence political decision-making. The article presents a comparative analysis of the groups of foreigners who were members of the Russian ruling elite under Peter the Great and Anna Ioannovna on a number of parameters the number, degree of influence, the degree of integration into Russian society, etc. The reasons for which in some respects the position of foreigners in the ruling group was the same in both periods under study, and in others radically different are analyzed. It is concluded that the number of foreigners in the ruling elite in the second quarter of the eighteenth century slowly but steadily increased, particularly in the 1730-ies. This was due mainly to the reasons for the opportunistic nature, primarily due to the fact that in the Annin reign the Russian ruling elite was replenished with representatives of the Courland entourage of the Empress. Also, with a number of reservations, it is concluded that in the circumstances of the rise of foreigners under Anna Ivanovna, favoritism played a greater role than in the reign of Peter the Great, and the degree of integration of these foreigners into Russian society decreased.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".