Author response: AIRE is a critical spindle-associated protein in embryonic stem cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Before the cells in our body separate to create copies of themselves, they need to duplicate their genetic material. To do so, they construct a machine called the spindle apparatus to divide their DNA evenly. In the embryo of mammals, embryonic stem cells – cells that can create all the cell types in adults – divide swiftly. This makes them prone to make mistakes that could affect the health of the organism they will develop into. To limit the number of errors, the embryonic stem cells divide more stringently and have more effective machineries to create a spindle apparatus. Together with a team of researchers, Gu previously showed that a gene and its protein called the ‘autoimmune regulator’, or AIRE for short, are highly active in embryonic stem cells and embryos. The autoimmune regulator usually plays an important role in helping immune cells to distinguish the body's own proteins from those of foreign invaders. It was also shown that some people suffering from fertility problems carry mutations in the AIRE gene. However, until now, it was not known if AIRE also had a specific role in embryonic stem cells. Using mouse embryonic stem cells and early embryos that were modified to either completely lack the AIRE gene or to produce a defective AIRE protein, Gu et al. now discovered a new purpose for AIRE. The AIRE protein interacted with a group of proteins that are associated with the spindle apparatus and was needed so that the spindle could form properly. When cells lacked the AIRE gene, a faulty spindle apparatus was assembled. Moreover, when a defective AIRE protein was produced, the structure of spindle apparatus in embryonic stem cells was also disrupted. A next step will be to further investigate how AIRE mutations could affect stem cell maintenance and fertility, which could lead to better ways to detect fertility defects in the future.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.010 | 0.008 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.067 | 0.032 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".