Mitochondrial DNA reveals genetic structure within the Atlantic but not Pacific populations of a holarctic seabird, the Black-legged Kittiwake Rissa tridactyla
Bibliographic record
Abstract
To predict evolutionary processes, such as speciation and local adaptation, we need to understand the mechanisms causing genetic differentiation of populations.We used mitochondrial control region sequence variation to investigate the genetic structure within and between Atlantic and Pacific populations of Black-legged Kittiwake (Rissa t. tridactyla and R. t. pollicaris, respectively).We predicted that genetic divergence of these populations, as in other northern hemisphere seabird species, might have been caused by glacial vicariance in the late Pleistocene.Further, because of regional differences in the morphology of kittiwakes, and the hypothesized historical vicariance, we predicted that genetic structure would exist within Atlantic but not Pacific populations.Population genetic and phylogenetic analyses of 756 base pairs of control region sequence for 398 kittiwakes indicated that Atlantic and Pacific populations are genetically differentiated from one another.Phylogenetic analyses indicated historical divergence of two mtDNA clades within the Pacific population and four mtDNA clades within the Atlantic population.Population genetic analyses indicated that colonies within the Atlantic were strongly differentiated from one another, which could be explained by restrictions in contemporary gene flow and historical fragmentation in historical refugia.Population genetic analyses provided little evidence for genetic structure in the Pacific population, which we attributed to longer time since vicariance, allowing more migration between colonies.Our results agree with current subspecies designations of Atlantic and Pacific populations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".