Ultrasound elastography assessment of increased carotid artery wall stiffness in human immunodeficiency virus infected patients
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Prevalence of cardiovascular diseases is higher in HIV subjects when compared to the general population. The chronic immune stimulation and low grade inflammation are possible causes. Carotid artery strain and motion are proposed as markers of premature atherosclerosis. Seventy-four HIV infected and 75 age-matched control subjects were recruited from a prospective, controlled cohort study (mean age 56 years ± 8; 128 men). Elastography applied to longitudinal ultrasound images of common and internal carotid arteries quantified the cumulated axial strain, cumulated shear strain, cumulated axial translation, and cumulated lateral translation. Presence of plaque was also assessed. Association between elastography biomarkers and HIV status were evaluated with Mann–Whitney tests and multivariate linear regression models. A higher occurrence of carotid plaques was found in HIV infected individuals (p = 0.011). Lower cumulated lateral translations were found in HIV infected subjects on both common and internal carotid arteries (p = 0.037 and p = 0.026, respectively). These observations remained significant when considering multivariable models including common cardiovascular risk factors and clinical characteristics (p< 0.05). Lower cumulated axial strains were also observed in internal carotid arteries when considering both multivariate models (p< 0.05). Lower translation and strain of the carotid artery wall in HIV infected individuals, which indicate increased vessel wall stiffness, could be new biomarkers of premature atherosclerosis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".