Wettability Effects on Primary Drainage Mechanisms and NAPL Distribution: A Pore‐Scale Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The pore‐scale processes governing water drainage behavior in porous media have implications for geoscience multiphase scenarios including carbon capture and storage, contaminant site remediation, oil recovery, and vadose zone processes. However, few studies report directly observed pore‐scale water drainage phenomena in 3‐D soils. This knowledge gap limits our ability to verify assumptions underlying existing models and develop optimal solutions. This paper utilizes synchrotron X‐ray microtomography to present an experimental pore‐scale examination of nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL)/water distribution along a primary drainage front as dense NAPL was injected upward into water wetting (WW) and intermediate wetting (IW) sand‐packed columns. Pore‐network structures were extracted from imaged data sets and mapped onto segmented NAPL/water data sets which allowed quantitative examinations of wettability impacts on (a) the extent to which NAPL fills individual pore bodies and (b) relationships between pore size and the phase occupying the pore, with both considered as a function of distance (and capillary pressure) relative to the NAPL front. These results revealed that several hypotheses treating IW sand similarly to WW sands are simplistic. IW systems exhibited a sequence of pore filling that deviated from traditional capillary pressure‐based model predictions: NAPL invades smaller pores, while larger, adjacent pores are bypassed leaving multipore residual water ganglia. NAPL pore saturations were close to 1 and did not change with capillary pressure in IW systems. Overall, the results illustrate how a relatively small change in operative contact angle alters NAPL distribution during water drainage, with important implications for geoscience multiphase flow scenarios.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".