Analysis of Speed in Traditional Animation
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Frame-to-frame movement (speed) in animation is commonly de-scribed as easing in, easing out, and moving evenly between key-frames. We examined the 2D movement of the salient parts of characters in freehand animation and identified a pattern in speed resembling these descriptions. To identify this pattern we first de-veloped a manual annotation procedure to identify trajectories, their speed related key-frames and their intermediate subsequences in a variety of animations. We found that the speed of a subsequence is related to its average acceleration. Our analysis indicates that a cubic polynomial best approximates the subsequence speed over time and each of the polynomial coefficients are related to average acceleration by four additional polynomials of degree 2, 3, 2 and 3. We develop a polynomial model for speed with least squares polynomial regression and validate our results and annotations with several statistical tests that use 10-fold cross-validation. Our experi-mental animation interface demonstrates that this relationship has the potential to ease the burden of controlling speed by replacing the control points that otherwise must be specified with a single parameter for average acceleration.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it