Assessing the feasibility of hyperpolarized <sup>129</sup>Xe multiple‐breath washout MRI in pediatric cystic fibrosis
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Purpose To assess the feasibility of hyperpolarized 129 Xe multiple‐breath washout MRI in pediatric cystic fibrosis (CF) participants with preserved lung function. Fractional ventilation ( r ), defined as the fractional gas replacement per breath, was mapped using 2 signal models: (1) constant T 1 and (2) variable T 1 as a function of the hyperpolarized gas washout. Methods A total of 17 pediatric participants were recruited (mean age 11.7 ± 2.8 years), including 7 children with clinically stable CF and 10 aged‐matched healthy controls. Pulmonary function tests were performed, including spirometry, to measure the forced expiratory volume in 1 second and nitrogen multiple‐breath washout to measure the lung clearance index. Hyperpolarized 129 Xe MRI was performed during consecutive breaths of air following a single 129 Xe inhalation, and fractional ventilation maps were calculated. Results The forced expiratory volume in 1 second was similar in both groups ( P = .32), but there was a statistically significant difference in lung clearance index between healthy and CF participants ( P = .001). With variable T 1 modeling, CF participants had a mean r of 0.44 ± 0.08 and healthy participants had a mean r of 0.37 ± 0.12 ( P = .20). With constant T 1 modeling, CF participants had a mean r′ of 0.48 ± 0.08, and healthy participants had a mean r′ of 0.43 ± 0.12 ( P = .32). Therefore, assuming a constant T 1 leads to a relative bias in r of 15.1% ± 6.4% and 20.8% ± 7.4% for CF and healthy participants, respectively ( P = .12). Conclusion This study demonstrates that hyperpolarized 129 Xe multiple‐breath washout imaging is feasible in pediatric participants with CF, and inclusion of variable T 1 modeling reduces bias in the fractional ventilation measurements.
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Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it