Mediolateral stability and vestibular control of balance: Do the feet care?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Upright postural control is essential for performing tasks of daily living. Widening stance width increases postural stability and decreases the amplitude of vestibular-evoked whole-body balance responses. The vestibular-evoked whole-body balance response is the summation of all muscle activity contributing to the postural task. Recent reports indicate the importance of the abductor hallucis (AH) and digiti minimi (ADM) during standing balance – similar to other postural muscles – but it is unclear how vestibulomyogenic responses are modulated when mediolateral stability is manipulated. The purpose was to investigate the effects of increased mediolateral stability on vestibular-evoked balance responses in muscles with a primary force generating function in the mediolateral (i.e., toe abductors) and anteroposterior (i.e., plantar flexors) direction. Continuous, random electrical vestibular stimulation (EVS; peak-to-peak amplitude: ±4mA; frequency bandwidth: 0-25Hz) was delivered via carbon-rubber electrodes placed over the mastoid processes. Indwelling electromyography (EMG) of the AH and ADM and surface EMG of the medial gastrocnemius and soleus were sampled. Participants were exposed to four 90-s trials of EVS with vision occluded, head facing forward, and feet together (FT; ~2cm) or apart (FA; ~26cm). Vestibular-evoked balance responses were evaluated using a cross-correlation like analysis (i.e., cumulant density) to determine the relationship between EVS and EMG. The vestibular-evoked balance response decreased by 60-90% from FT to FA in all muscles (p
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".