Characterization and development of an electrical conductivity flow cell for the axial continuous phase fraction profiling of bulk multiphase flow
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract In this study, the electric field generated by axial ring electrode conductivity cells is investigated. It is shown that the geometric parameters of such cells (mainly electrode separation, diameter and width) have a large effect on the resulting electric field uniformness. To quantify this effect, a parameter termed the effective measurement volume (EMV) is introduced which quantifies the measurement volume within the conductivity cell that contains 90% of the total current, normalized to that of an ideal conductivity cell (which generates a uniform electric field). The effects of a conductivity cells EMV on bulk conductivity measurements are both simulated and experimentally confirmed for emulated annular two-phase flow conditions. The results show that measurements performed with conductivity cells of high EMV tend towards true void fraction values, whereas cells of low EMV tended towards larger measurement error. This is quantified in the sum of squared residuals of the measurement, where a conductivity cell with an EMV of 0.19 has a sum of squared residual that is 638.4 times larger than a cell with an EMV of 1.00. Understanding the limitations of geometric parameters, a new axial conductivity profiling sensor was developed that uses one pair of electric field generating electrodes, and multiple measurement electrodes to create an axial conductivity profile with an axial measurement resolution of 10 mm.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".