Co-Occurrence of Plasmid-Mediated Colistin Resistance ( <i>mcr-1</i> ) and Extended-Spectrum <i>β</i> -Lactamase Encoding Genes in <i>Escherichia coli</i> from Bovine Mastitic Milk in China
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Both mcr-1 phosphoethanolamine transferase enzymes and extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) are the main plasmid-mediated mechanisms of resistance to colistin and third-generation cephalosporins, respectively, and currently considered a major concern to humans and food animals. Prevalence of mcr-1 gene in Escherichia coli from dairy cattle has rarely been reported. Our objective was to determine prevalence and characteristics of mcr-1 carrying E. coli isolated from clinical mastitis cases in large dairy farms (>500 cows) in 16 provinces of China. A total of 249 E. coli was isolated from 2,038 mastitic milk samples. Among these isolates, 2.0% (n = 5) and 19.7% (n = 49) were colistin resistant mcr-1-positive and ESBL-producing isolates, respectively. All mcr-1-positive isolates that produced ESBLs also carried the blaCTX-M-15 gene and belonged to phylogroup-A. Most mcr-1 and blaCTX-M-15 genes were located on conjugative plasmids (IncP and IncF, respectively) that were successfully transferred to transconjugants in conjugation experiments. All mcr-1-positive E. coli isolates were multidrug resistant, exhibiting resistance to common antimicrobials. Multilocus sequence typing of these mcr-1-carrying E. coli isolates revealed four sequence types, reflecting substantial diversity. Multilocus sequence analysis detected evolutionary connection of mcr-1 carrying isolates with our recently reported ESBL-producing E. coli isolates, raising concerns regarding fast dissemination between bacteria. To our knowledge, this was the first nation-wide report describing isolates of E. coli from mastitic milk samples collected on large dairy farms in China, carrying mcr-1 and blaCTX-M-15 genes on conjugative plasmids. We concluded that dairy cattle are a potential source of mcr-1-carrying and ESBL-producing E. coli.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it