Bibliographic record
Abstract
Skate cross-country skiing presents a unique human gait where four limbs are usedfor propulsion. Within skate skiing there are two primary techniques, the one andtwo skate. While both involve similar lower body movement, the difference lies inthe upper body movement. In one-skate, poles are planted simultaneously with everyskate stride, while in two-skate, poles are planted with every second skate stride. Ithas been observed that dogs synchronize their breathing cycles with their fore-limbmovements (Bramble and Jenkins, 1993). Here we investigate whether breathing rateis synchronized with poling rate in the two skiing techniques. We hypothesized thatas speed and effort of the skier increase, the rate and timing of breathing becomesdirectly related to the movement of the upper body and the associated poling cycle. Astrain sensing strap was fixed around the chest of 11 trained cross-country skiers. Thismeasured chest expansion due to breathing and was synchronized with force sensingpoles. The tests were done at a constant speed of 12km/hr at increasing grades from0% to 8% in increments of 2%. At each grade, one- and two-skate skiing was performedfor 2 minutes. This gradual increase in grade allowed the breathing timing and rate tobe compared to the upper body poling action for both techniques. We observed thatthe breathing became more synchronized with the poling cycles as effort increased inboth techniques. In the one-skate technique, skiers breathe every second poling cycle.In the two-skate technique at low effort, skiers pole 1.25 times per breath, indicatingthat the breathing and poling cycles are not synchronized. However, at a highest effortof skiing (8% slope), one poling cycle was synchronized with one breath. Skiers werefound to exhale in the early stages of pole ground contact and inhale towards the endof the ground contact and during the pole recovery phase. It appears therefore thatchest compression during poling and chest expansion during recovery are used to helpthe chest musculature in exhaling and inhaling, respectively, thereby saving metabolicenergy for breathing at high efforts of skiing.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".