A simple 15 min exercise task improves the antibody response to pneumococcal vaccination
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Purpose of Study: Vaccination is a remarkable medical achievement, but many vaccines elicit poor responses, which limits efficacy. Exercise has been identified as a possible behavioural adjuvant; brief muscle damaging exercise immediately prior to vaccination enhances antibody responses with effects mostly confined to strains showing weaker control responses. Here, we tested the effect of exercise on the response to either a full or half dose of Pneumococcal (Pn) vaccine. The exercise task was developed for clinical applicability, minimizing equipment, and inducing less muscle damage. Subjects & Methods: Subjects were 132 young healthy adults (75 women; age: 22 ± 2.7years; BMI: 23 ± 3.8Kg/m2), who were randomized to one of four groups: Exercise or control task, receiving a full or half dose Pn vaccination. Prior to vaccination, exercise groups completed a 15 min task using resistance bands involving 30s of arm and shoulder exercise and 30s rest alternations. Control subjects rested quietly during this time. Antibody levels to 11 Pn strains were evaluated at baseline and 1 month. Summary of results: To assess overall effect of exercise, a multivariate ANOVA was performed with change scores (1 month-baseline) for all 11 Pn strains. A significant effect of group showed an overall greater change in antibody levels among all strains in the exercise groups. Subsequent analyses used averaged antibody values, with a repeated measures ANOVA with four groups and gender. A significant group by dose by sex interaction (p > .05) was detected, driven by women, with the exercise half dose group showing an enhanced response over the control half dose group. Discussion: The current data showed an overall effect of enhanced response among the exercise vs control groups. Specifically, this effect was found in the half dose group, with women, showing exercise-enhanced responses. The current study adds to data indicating the effectiveness of exercise as a vaccine adjuvant, particularly in weaker responses, modeled by a half dose given in young healthy adults. This evidence is important in future application of this effect in at risk groups, who are in greatest need of improvement of immune responses to vaccination.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".