Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract: The sauna is a dominant trait of Finnish culture. When Finnish immigrants settled in United States and Canada, they continued their tradition of taking saunas. Researchers have documented Finnish settlement, including presence and significance of saunas, in Cutover Region, Pacific Northwest, and prairies of Saskatchewan.Finns have shaped landscape and life in Hamlin County, South Dakota in similar ways. With a present-day concentrated population of Finnish-Americans still residing in Hamlin County, saunas continue to be built and enjoyed, showing continuity in cultural practice of taking saunas. This paper discusses Finnish sauna in eastern South Dakota as a significant element of material culture in landscape of past and present on rural farmsteads in Lake Norden, one of region's small towns. In addition to leaving a visible imprint on landscape, practices associated with sauna have shaped traditions for not only Finns, but other residents of region as well. With highest per capita of individuals reporting Finnish ancestry in South Dakota, Hamlin County continues to be shaped by historic tradition of Finnish sauna.Keywords: saunas, Finnish culture, South Dakota, landscapeIntroductionCultural landscapes consist of material features that tell stories of how places have changed over time. The material objects may be abandoned remnants such as pieces of a hay derrick indicating a time when haying required more laborers during horse-powered era. Other times, individuals or communities add chapters to story of material objects, such as an early twentieth century schoolhouse converted to an art studio and then a bed and breakfast. Whether abandoned or functional, features that make up cultural landscape are valuable items as they are cultural signatures that tell us a great deal about past and present people and their lifestyles, traditions, and values.The cultural landscape of Hamlin County, located in eastern South Dakota, has a distinct cultural signature that differentiates region from surrounding counties. Finnish immigrants, beginning in late nineteenth century, have had a significant role in shaping land and life throughout Hamlin County, particularly with their use of sauna.Hamlin County is rural by nearly all American standards. No stoplights exist in entire county. Agricultural activities dominate county's land use and economy. Fewer than 6,000 people call Hamlin County home. The county and its communities remain an area where change is relatively slow and traditions continue. Potluck dinners are held frequently for church events and community fundraisers. Parades and other festivities are attended primarily by locals, and people know history of majority of families residing in area. Another long-standing cultural tradition that continues, at least for one group, is Finnish sauna.All cultures possess both material and non-material traits with which they are associated, and sauna is a material trait associated with Finns. Use of sauna, sometimes known as a steam bath because of vapor that fills small room, is a dominant Finnish culture trait (Alanen 2004). The sauna has been called the sign of Finn (Van Cleef 1918, 210) and one of most apparent expressions of Finnish-American identity (Lockwood 1977; Alanen 2004). Whether Finns settled in forested lands of northern Minnesota, prairies of Saskatchewan, or on continents from South America to Australia, Finnish immigrants built saunas, indicating its importance in their everyday lives (Alanen 2010).When Finns first settled near Lake Poinsett followed by Lake Norden area of Hamlin County (Figure 1) beginning in 1878, they brought with them various cultural traits, such as language, religion, and building traditions. The sauna became most distinctive and longest lasting structure that Finns contributed to Hamlin County landscape. …
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".