Genesis and structure of eusperm and parasperm of<i>Plicopurpura patula</i>in relation to phylogeny of Neogastropoda: proteomics of parasperm suggests role in paternity assurance
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Eusperm and parasperm ultrastructure have been studied for the first time in the neogastropod Plicopurpura patula. Eusperm structure is typical of many Neogastropoda, in which an apical bleb characterizes the conical acrosome with subacrosomal granule; the nucleus is tubular and penetrated to its tip by basal body and axoneme; the mid-piece comprises spiral mitochondria that ensheath the axoneme but terminate at the annulus, defining the junction with the end-piece. In the proximal portion of the end-piece dense tracts of glycogen match the axoneme but these disappear distally. The parasperm is unusual in having no axonemes and no motility was observed. Eusperm do not attach to parasperm, as occurs in the similar nurse cells of Littorinimorpha, thus potential functions may be limited to some form of paternity assurance as occurs in some insects. The nucleus of the parasperm is eliminated during paraspermiogenesis, but there is considerable post-transcriptional secretion activity resulting in the production of a variety of granules, some rich in glycoproteins. A prominent paracrystalline rod accumulates in the centre of the parasperm also from Golgi-derived secretions. Preliminary evidence from proteomics suggests that this parasperm carries the heat shock protein HSP70 that could play a role in fertilization inside the female.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it