Parental perceptions of e-cigarette and vaping usage among single-sex, school-going adolescents in Toronto, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study explores parental perceptions of adolescent e-cigarette usage, specifically, examining adolescents who attend independent private schools in Toronto, Canada, in order to investigate if those of high socioeconomic status are more educated on the issue of increasing adolescent nicotine consumption. This study employs a quantitative, non-experimental research methodology through the use of surveys administered to parents who have a child at one of the two used independent private schools. This study finds that parents are largely unaware of the increasing e-cigarette usage within schools and more generally, across the globe. Additionally, it finds that parents are unaware of the health risks associated with e-cigarette usage. This study also finds a strong relationship between parental substance use and adolescents perceived risk of substance use. Mainly, it shows that if an adolescent has a parent who smokes or uses substances, that adolescent will have a positive view on substance use, resulting in a greater likelihood of usage in the future. These findings imply that governments and schools have not been effective in preventing this health epidemic and have not been educating parents and adolescents on the potential risks of e-cigarette usage and nicotine consumption.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".