Catholic Schools and Freedom of Conscience in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
Bibliographic record
Abstract
DONLEVYt legitimacy for their positions under the "Restless-Heart-Toward-God" model of conscience.I. THE JURIDICAL CONSCIENCEPrior to 1982, the Dominion of Canada, following the British model of constitutional law, did not have a written set of constitutional rights and freedoms for its citizens, excepting the Canadian Bill of Rights, which was largely ineffective as it was not a constitutional document, applied only to federal legislation, and was read-down by the courts. 1 Therefore, Canadians were left to trust in the democratic process and common law to protect their rights as citizens in relation to the state.That situation changed in 1982.Although various constitutional documents had been under the control of the government of Canada, the Dominion's founding document, the British North America Act ("BNA Act"), being a statute of the United Kingdom, was under the legislative prevue of the United Kingdom. 2 In 1982, at the request of the Canadian government, the Parliament of the United Kingdom renamed the BNA Act the Constitution Act of 18673 and passed the Canada Act. 4 Attached to the latter was Schedule B, the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms ("Charter").5 The Charter stated, among other things, that all persons had the right under section 2(a) to "freedom of conscience and religion" ostensibly only limited by two sections: section 1 where such limitations were according to law and were "demonstrably justifiable in a free and democratic society," and section 33, the notwithstanding clause, which allowed the federal and provincial legislatures to temporarily suspend fundamental rights and freedoms and other rights with respect to specific legislation when articulated therein.6 Although the notwithstanding clause 1 Canadian Bill of Rights, 1960, 8 & 9 Eliz. 2 Ch.44 (U.K.), as reprinted in R.S.C., ch. 1, § 2 (Appendix 1985) ("Every law of Canada shall, unless it is expressly declared by an Act of Parliament of Canada that it shall operate notwithstanding the Canadian Bill of Rights .... ").
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.007 | 0.021 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.035 | 0.044 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.013 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.005 | 0.010 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.011 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".