Formazanate coordination compounds: synthesis, reactivity, and applications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Formazans (Ar1-NH-N[double bond, length as m-dash]CR3-N[double bond, length as m-dash]N-Ar5), a class of nitrogen-rich and highly colored compounds, have been known since the late 1800s and studied more closely since the early 1940s. Their intense color has led to their widespread use as dyes, especially in cell biology where they are most often used to quantitatively assess cell-viability. Despite structural similarities to well-known ligand classes such as β-diketiminates, the deprotonated form of formazans, formazanates, have received relatively little attention in the transition metal and main group coordination chemistry arenas. Formazanate ligands benefit from tunable properties via structural variation, rich optoelectronic properties owing to their highly delocalized π-systems, low-lying frontier orbitals that stabilize otherwise highly reactive species such as radicals, and redox activity and coordinative flexibility that may have significant implications in their future use in catalysis. Here, we review progress in the coordination chemistry of formazanate ligands over the past two decades, with emphasis on the reactivity and applications of the subsequent complexes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".