Glucose Metabolic Reprogramming and Cell Proliferation Arrest in Colorectal Micropapillary Carcinoma
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Micropapillary carcinoma (MPC) has been reported as an aggressive variant of colorectal carcinoma (CRC) associated with frequent lymphovascular invasion and poor outcome. Altered glycogen metabolism by metabolic reprogramming plays a critical role for cancer cell growth and survival. We aimed to investigate glucose metabolic reprogramming in colorectal MPC. METHODS: Immmunostains for Ki-67 and glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) were performed on 10 colorectal MPCs. Real-time PCR analysis of expressions of GLUT1 and glycogen metabolizing enzymes: glycogen synthase (GYS1) and glycogen phosphorylase (PYGL) was performed on cultured monolayer and three-dimensional (3D) spheroid HCT116 colon cancer cells. RESULTS: GLUT1 was strongly expressed in MPC as compared to adjacent conventional glandular component, and was also significantly increased expression in 3D spheroids. Upregulation of GYS1 and PYGL was markedly increased in 3D spheroids. The proliferation rate (Ki-67) of MPC was significantly lower compared to conventional glandular component. The 3D spheroids showed increased cell cycle arrest. Our results demonstrate altered glycogen metabolism in colorectal MPC. CONCLUSION: The reprogramming of glycogen metabolism in MPC provides a source of energy contributing to tumor cell survival in a low proliferation state. Targeting glucose-regulated metabolism may warrant consideration as possible MPC therapies.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".